Sesostris II
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Jajeperra Senusert,[1] Senusert II,[2] o Sesostris II,[3] es el cuarto faraón de la dinastía XII de Egipto. Gobernó de c. 1882 a 1872 a. C. (von Beckerath).
Es denominado Jajeperra en la lista Real de Abidos y la lista Real de Saqqara, pero su nombre es ilegible en el Canon Real de Turín. En los epítomes de Manetón no se le menciona. Su 6º año de reinado está documentado en un relieve de un muro de la tumba de un nomarca, en Beni Hassan.
Sesostris II
Contenido
Biografía [editar]
A diferencia de su sucesor, el faraón Senusert II (Sesostris II) mantuvo buenas relaciones con varios nomarcas locales, los influyentes gobernadores provinciales de Egipto que en ésta época eran casi tan poderosos como el propio faraón.
Senusert II destinó grandes recursos a la región del oasis de El Fayum ordenando emprender los trabajos de un amplio sistema de irrigación, desde el Bahr Yusuf "Canal de José" al lago Birket Qarun, mediante la construcción de un dique en El Lahun y una extensa red de canales de riego. El propósito de su gran proyecto era conseguir aumentar la superficie de tierras cultivables en la región.
La importancia de este proyecto es resaltada por la decisión de Senusert II de trasladar la necrópolis real de Dahshur a El Lahun, en donde él ordenó erigir su pirámide. El Lahun, de ahora en adelante, queda como capital política de las dinastías XII y XIII de Egipto.
El rey estableció también la primera ciudad de trabajadores conocida, situada en el pueblo cercano a Kahun, que será prototipo de la ciudad de artesanos del Imperio Nuevo, en Deir el-Medina.
Testimonios de su época [editar]
Su posible lugar del entierro, la pirámide construida con adobes, de 106 m de base y casi cincuenta metros de altura, se erigió en El Lahun.
- Esfinge proveniente de Heliópolis, en el Museo de El Cairo (Sourouzian 1996)
- Mencionado en varias inscripciones en una roca cerca de Asuán, citado junto con Amenemhat II (de Morgan 1894: 24.165; 25.178)
- Numerosas referencias a su culto en los papiros de El Lahun (Flinders Petrie)
- La esposa del rey, la que está con la corona blanca, Ueret –Fragmento Lahun, UC14616–
Titulatura [editar]
| Titulatura | Jeroglífico | Transliteración (transcripción) - traducción - (procedencia) |
| Nombre de Horus: |
| s šm u tauy (Seshemutauy) El que guía a las Dos Tierras (Egipto) |
| Nombre de Nebty: |
| s ḫˁ m m3ˁt (Sejaemmaat) El que hace surgir la Justicia (Maat) |
| Nombre de Hor-Nub: |
| ḥtp nṯru (sehotepnecheru) El que aplaca a los dioses |
| Nombre de Nesut-Bity: |
| ḫˁ ḫpr rˁ (Jajeperra) La manifestación de Ra aparece (L R Abidos nº 62) (L R Saqqara nº 41) |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| sn usr t (Senusert) Señor de Usert (la Poderosa) |
Referencias [editar]
- Notas
- ↑ Jajeperra Senusert es la transcripción de sus nombres de trono y de nacimiento, según las convenciones académicas.
- ↑ Senusert es la transcripción de su nombre de nacimiento, más el número ordinal.
- ↑ Sesostris es el nombre griego dado en los epítomes de Manetón del faraón Jakaura Senusert (Sesostris III), más el número ordinal, que por simplicidad se asignó a Senusert (II) por los historiadores del siglo XIX, aunque ningún egipcio o griego lo denominara así.
- Referencias digitales
Enlaces externos [editar]
Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Sesostris II. Commons
| Predecesor: Amenemhat II | Faraón Dinastía XII | Sucesor: Senusert III (Sesostris III) |
Senusret II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contenido
| Senusret II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Pyramid of Senusret II at El-Lahun | |||||
| Pharaoh of Egypt | |||||
| Reign | 1897–1878 BC, Twelfth Dynasty | ||||
| Predecessor | Amenemhat II | ||||
| Successor | Senusret III | ||||
| Consort(s) | Khenemetneferhedjet I, Neferet II, Itaweret (?), Khnemet (?), Hent | ||||
| Father | Amenemhat II | ||||
Khakeperre Senusret II was the fourth pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from 1897 BC to 1878 BC. His pyramid was constructed at El-Lahun. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the Faiyum oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from the Bahr Yusuf through to Lake Moeris by means the construction of a dike at El-Lahun and the addition of a network of drainage canals. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land here.[2] The importance of this project is emphasized by Senusret II's decision to move the royal necropolis from Dahshur to El-Lahun where he built his pyramid. This location would remain the political capital of the 12th and 13th Dynasties of Egypt. The king also established the first known worker's quarter in the nearby town of Senusrethotep (Kahun).[3]
Unlike his successor, Senusret II maintained good relations with the various local and influential nomarchs or provincial governors of Egypt who were almost as wealthy as the pharaoh himself.[4] His Year 6 is attested in a Wall painting from the tomb of a local nomarch named Khnumhotep at Beni Hasan.
Contents |
[edit] Reign Length
Of the rulers of this Dynasty, Senusret II's reign-length is the most debated among scholars. The Turin Canon gives an unknown king of the Dynasty a reign of 19 Years, (which is usually attributed to him), but Senusret II's highest known date is currently only a Year 8 red sandstone stela found in June 1932 from a long unused quarry at Toshka.[5] Some scholars prefer to ascribe him a reign of only 10 Years and assign the 19 Year reign to Senusret III instead. Other Egyptologists, however, such as Jürgen von Beckerath and Frank Yurco have maintained the traditional view of a longer 19 Year reign for Senusret II given the amount of work which the king performed in his reign. Yurco noted that limiting Senusret II's reign to only 6 or 10 years poses major difficulties because this king:
| “ | ... built a complete pyramid at Kahun, with a solid granite funerary temple and complex of buildings. Such projects optimally took fifteen to twenty years to complete, even with the mudbrick cores used in Middle Kingdom pyramids.[6] | ” |
[edit] Succession
Senusret II may not have shared a coregency with his son, Senusret III, unlike most other Middle Kingdom rulers. Some scholars support the view that he did, noting a scarab with both king's names inscribed on it, a dedication inscription celebrating the resumption of rituals begun by Senusret II and III, and a papyrus which was thought to mention Senusret II's 19th year and Senusret III's first year on it.[7] None of these three items, however, necessitate a coregency.[8] Moreover, the evidence from the papyrus document is now obviated by the fact that the document has been securely dated to Year 19 of Senusret III and Year 1 of Amenemhet III instead. At present, no document from Senusret II's reign has been discovered from Lahun, this king's new capital city.
[edit] Tomb Treasure
In 1889, the English Egyptologist Flinders Petrie found "a marvellous gold and inlaid royal uraeus" that must have originally formed part of Senusret II's looted burial equipment in a flooded chamber of the king's pyramid tomb.[9] It is now located in the Cairo Museum. The tomb of Princess Sit-Hathor-Iunet, a daughter of Senusret II, was also discovered by Egyptologists in a separate burial. Several pieces of jewellery from her tomb including a pair of pectorals and a unique crown or diadem were found here; they are today displayed in either the Metropolitan Museum of New York or the Cairo Museum in Egypt.
In 2009, Egyptian archaeologists announced the results of new excavations. They described unearthing a cache of pharaonic-era mummies in brightly painted wooden coffins near the Lahun pyramid. The mummies were reportedly the first to be found in the sand-covered desert rock surrounding the pyramid.[10]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994), p.78
- ^ Miroslav Verner, The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments, Grove Press 2002. p.386
- ^ W. M. F. Petrie, Illahun, Kahun and Gurob, London 1891, pp.5ff.
- ^ Clayton, p.83
- ^ Mark Stone, Reading the Highest Attested Date for Senwosret II: Stela Cairo JE 59485, GM 159(1997), pp.91-100
- ^ Frank Yurco, "Black Athena: An Egyptological Review" in Black Athena Revisited, (editor: M. Lefkowitz), University of North Carolina Press: 1996, p.69 (ISBN 0-8078-4555-8)
- ^ Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization (SAOC) 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977, p.9
- ^ Murnane, William J., op. cit., p.9
- ^ Clayton, p.80
- ^ Johnson, C. Cache of mummies unearthed at Egypt's Lahun pyramid. April 26, 2009.
- W. Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History,Archaeology and Society, Duckworth, London 2006 ISBN 0-7156-3435-6, 48-51
[edit] External links
related articles
- Senusret III
- Khnumhotep III
- Amenemhat III
- El-Lahun
- Amenemhat II
- Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)
- List of ancient Egyptians
- Twelfth dynasty of Egypt family tree
- Sesostris
- Conventional Egyptian chronology
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Category: Senusret II
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Media in category "Senusret II"
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