Sesostris III
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Contenido
Jakaura Senusert,[1] Senusert III,[2] o Sesostris III,[3] es el quinto faraón de la dinastía XII, del Imperio Medio de Egipto. Reinó de c. 1872 a 1853/2 a. C. (von Beckerath).
Es denominado Jakaura en la Lista Real de Abidos y Jakara en la Lista Real de Saqqara. Según el Canon Real de Turín, habría reinado durante 30 años. El Sesostris citado en los epítomes de Manetón habría gobernado unos 48 años, según Julio Africano y Eusebio de Cesarea, en la versión de Sincelo.
Sesostris III
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Biografía [editar]
Fue hijo de Senusert II (Sesostris II) y Ueret. Es el monarca más destacado del Imperio Medio.
Durante su reinado, se realizó una profunda reorganización administrativa, desapareciendo el sistema descentralizado que habían impuesto los potentados locales, recobrando el poder completo para el faraón. Reorganizó los gremios de su reino, llamados uaret.
Presedo Velo
Conquisto y dominó Kush (Nubia), a la que convirtió en provincia hacia el final de su reinado, sofocó sublevaciones en varias regiones y fortaleció los Muros del rey, fortificaciones en los límites del reino que proporcionaban una sólida defensa. También combatió contra el pueblo de Siquem.
Estela fronteriza en Semna.[4]
Hay importantes transformaciones en las costumbres de entierro, con la aparición de esculturas en madera y una exagerada costumbre de extensos rituales y otros textos funerarios escritos en los ataúdes, denominados Textos de los Sarcófagos. No se diseñan ya grandes capillas y tumbas hipogeos para los altos funcionarios de los nomos.
Testimonios de su época [editar]
Construcciones [editar]
Senusert ordenó erigir una pirámide en Dahshur, construida con adobes y revestimiento de bloques de piedra tallada, con 78 m de base, 105 m de altura, con siete pirámides subsidiarias y un templo. Inicio grandes obras de canalización que fueron completadas por su sucesor, entre otras muchas mejoras que intentó promover para mejorar Egipto.
Restos de edificios [editar]
- Bloques pétreos encontrados cerca de Qantir (Habachi 1952: 46-56, pl. II-IV)
Estatuas [editar]
Senusert fue representado en múltiples estatuas, cuyos restos se custodian en diversos museos: Museo de El Cairo, British Museum, Louvre, Múnich, etc.
Inscripciones [editar]
A Senusert se le cita en:
- Inscripciones en una tumba, un templo y en la ciudad de Abidos (Wegner 2000, 2001)
- El edificio del templo en Medamud (Bisson de la Roque/Clère1928: 107-115)
- Estela mencionando una acción militar contra Canaán y Nubia (Baines 1987)
- Inscripciones en roca, cerca de Sehel, narrando la excavación de un canal (de Morgan 1894: 86.20, 87.39)
- Sello cilíndrico en la tumba 602 de Harageh (Museo Petrie)
Titulatura [editar]
| Titulatura | Jeroglífico | Transliteración (transcripción) - traducción - (procedencia) |
| Nombre de Horus: |
| nṯr ḫpr.u (Necherjeperu) De divina manifestación |
| Nombre de Nebty: |
| nṯr ms u t (Nechermesut) De divino nacimiento |
| Nombre de Hor-Nub: |
| ḫpr (Jeper) El que se manifiesta |
| Nombre de Nesut-Bity: |
| ḫˁ k3.u rˁ (Jakaura) Los espíritus (Ka) de Ra resplandecen (L R Abidos nº 63) |
| Nombre de Nesut-Bity: |
| ḫˁ k3 rˁ (Jakaura) El espíritu (Ka) de Ra resplandece (L R Saqqara nº 40) |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| s n u s r t (Senusert) Señor de Usert (la Poderosa) |
Referencias [editar]
- Notas
- ↑ Jakaura Senusert es la transcripción de sus nombres de trono y de nacimiento, según las convenciones académicas.
- ↑ Senusert es la transcripción de su nombre de nacimiento, más el número ordinal.
- ↑ Sesostris es el nombre griego dado en los epítomes de Manetón al faraón Jakaura Senusert (Sesostris III), más el número ordinal. Por simplicidad también se designó Sesostris a Senusert I y a Senusert II por los historiadores del siglo XIX, aunque ningún egipcio o griego los denominasen así.
- ↑ Estela fronteriza en Semna, egiptologia.com
- Referencias digitales
Enlaces externos [editar]
Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Sesostris III. Commons
| Predecesor: Senusert II (Sesostris II) | Faraón Dinastía XII | Sucesor: Amenemhat III |
Senusret III
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contenido
| Senusret III | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sesostris III or Senwosret III | |||||
 | |||||
| Heads of Senusret III from the British Museum | |||||
| Pharaoh of Egypt | |||||
| Reign | 1878 – 1839 BC, Twelfth Dynasty | ||||
| Predecessor | Senusret II | ||||
| Successor | Amenemhat III | ||||
| Consort(s) | Meretseger, Neferthenut Khnemetneferhedjet II | ||||
| Children | Amenemhat III, Khnemet, Menet, Mereret, Senetsenbetes, Sithathor (?) | ||||
| Father | Senusret II | ||||
| Mother | Khnemetneferhedjet I | ||||
| Monuments | Buhen and Toshka | ||||
Khakhaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or Sesostris III-died on 1839 BC) was a pharaoh of Egypt. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, who built The Sisostris Canal. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be perhaps the most powerful Egyptian ruler of this time. Consequently, he is regarded as one of the sources for the legend about Sesostris. His military campaigns gave rise to an era of peace and economic prosperity that reduced the power of regional rulers and led to a revival in craftwork, trade and urban development.[1] Senusret III was one of the few kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime.[2]
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[edit] Initiatives
Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract[3] and relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion deep into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including Buhen, Semna and Toshka at Uronarti.
He carried out at least four major campaigns deep into Nubia in his Year 8, 10, 16 and 19 respectively.[4] His Year 8 stela at Semna documents his victories against the Nubians through which he thought having made safe the southern frontier, preventing further incursions into Egypt.[5] Another great stela from Semna dated to the third month of Year 16 of his reign mentions his military activities against both Nubia and Canaan. In it, he admonished his future successors to maintain the new border which he had created:
| “ | Year 16, third month of winter: the king made his southern boundary at Heh. I have made my boundary further south than my fathers. I have added to what was bequeathed me. (...) As for any son (ie. successor) of mine who shall maintain this border which my Majesty has made, he is my son born to my Majesty. The true son is he who champions his father, who guards the border of his begetter. But he [who] abandons it, who fails to fight for it, he is not my son, he was not born to me. Now my majesty has had an image made of my majesty, at this border which my majesty has made, in order that you maintain it, in order that you fight for it.[6] | ” |
His final campaign in Year 19 was less successful because the king's forces were trapped by a low Nile current and had to retreat and abandon their campaign to avoid being trapped in hostile Nubian territory.[7]
Such was his forceful nature and immense influence that Senusret III was worshipped as a god in Semna by later generations.[8] Jacques Morgan, in 1894, found rock inscriptions near Sehel Island documenting his digging of a canal under the king. Senusret III erected a temple and town in Abydos, and another temple in Medamud.[9]
[edit] Reign Length
His pyramid was constructed at Dahshur.[10] A papyrus in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his reign is equivalent to Year 1 of his son Amenemhat III. This means that he initiated a coregency with his son in this year. According to Josef W. Wegner, a Year 39 hieratic control note was recovered on a white limestone block from
| “ | ...a securely defined deposit of construction debris produced from the building of the Senwosret III mortuary temple. The fragment itself is part of the remnants of the temple construction. This deposit provides evidence for the date of construction of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at Abydos.[11] | ” |
Wegner stresses that it is unlikely that Amenemhet III, Senusret's son and successor would still be working on his father's temple nearly 4 decades into his own reign. He notes that the only possible solution for the block's existence here is that Senusret III had a 39-year reign, with the final 20 years in coregency with his son Amenemhet III. Since the project was associated with a project of Senusret III, his Regnal Year was presumably used to date the block, rather than Year 20 of Amenemhet III. This implies that Senusret was still alive in the first two decades of his son's reign prior to his death.
Visually, Senusret III is known for his strikingly somber sculptures in which he appears careworn and grave.[12]
His court included the viziers Sobekemhat, Nebit and Khnumhotep. The famous treasurer Iykhernofret worked for the king at Abydos.
[edit] Pyramid and complex
Senusret's pyramid complex was built north-east of the Red Pyramid of Dashur and in grandeur far surpassed those from the early 12th dynasty in size and underlying religious conceptions.
There has been speculation that Senusret was not necessarily buried here but rather in his sophisticated funerary complex in Abydos with his pyramid more likely to have been a cenotaph.[1]
Senusret's pyramid is 105 meter square and 78 meters high. The total volume was about 288,000 cubic meters. The pyramid was built of a core of mud bricks. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds weren't used. The burial chamber was lined with granite. Above the vaulted burial chamber was a second relieving chamber that was roofed with 5 pairs of limestone beams each weighing 30 tons. Above this was a third mudbrick vault.
The pyramid complex included a small mortuary temple and 7 smaller Queens pyramids. there was also a southern temple however this has since been destroyed.[13]
[edit] Gallery
[edit] In the arts
Senusret is a major character in Christian Jacq's historical fiction series The Mysteries of Osiris [2]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b "The Pyramids: Their Archeology and History", Miroslav Verner, Translated by Steven Rendall,p386-387 & p416-421, Atlantic, ISBN 1-84354-171-8
- ^ "The Oxford Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology", Edited by Donald B. Redford, p. 85, Berkley, 2003, ISBN 0-425-19096-X
- ^ J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part One, Chicago 1906, §§642-648
- ^ J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part One, Chicago 1906, §§640-673
- ^ J.H. Breasted, §652
- ^ Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian literature: a Book of Readings, Berkeley CA, University of California Press, 1973. pp.119-120
- ^ Ian Shaw, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press 2003, p.155
- ^ Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994),p.86
- ^ [1] Senusret (III) Khakhaure
- ^ Katheryn A. Bard, Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999, p.107
- ^ Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251
- ^ Robert G. Morkot, The Egyptians: An Introduction, Routledge 2005, p.14
- ^ Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997)p.177-9 ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
[edit] Bibliography
- W. Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History,Archaeology and Society, Duckworth, London 2006 ISBN 0-7156-3435-6, 51-58
- Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp. 249-279
[edit] External links
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Category: Senusret III
From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
Contenido
Khakhaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt. He ruled from c. 1878 to 1859 BC (Malek), and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom.
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